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Wildlife Economy Library

Featured Publications

The Trade in Wildlife: A Framework to Improve Biodiversity and Livelihood Outcomes

This paper provides an analytical framework for assessing the impact of international trade in wildlife and wildlife products on conservation and local livelihoods. It also explores the role of factors related to particular species and their habitat, governance settings, the supply-chain structure, and the nature of the end market. The framework is relevant for importers and exporters, regulators, policymakers, nongovernmental organizations, community representatives and researchers seeking to improve the sustainability of international wildlife supply chains.

International Trade Centre (ITC)
The Trade in Wildlife: A Framework to Improve Biodiversity and Livelihood Outcomes
Geneva: ITC, 2015. xii, 29 pages (Technical paper)
Doc. No.: SC-15-311.E    [Published: 2015]
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Environment and Regional Trade Agreements – Emerging Trends and Policy Drivers

Analysis of the environmental provisions in RTAs since the 2007 JWPTE study reveals an encouraging upward trend. Two basic provisions, one associated with GATT Article XX or GATS Article XIV, and the other in the form of a reference to the environment or sustainable development in the Preamble, remain the most common types. Environment and Regional Trade Agreements – Emerging Trends and Policy Drivers - George, C., OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers, 2014/02, OECD Publishing, 2014
  [Published: 2014]
Markets & Trade, Global
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Regional Trade Agreements and the Environment

This report provides an update on recent developments in the field of Regional Trade Agreements and the environment. Issues arising in the implementation of RTAs with environmental considerations are examined as well as experience in assessing their environmental impacts. Regional Trade Agreements and the Environment - George, C., Y. Serret, OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers, 2011/01,
OECD Publishing, 2011 [Published: 2011]
Markets & Trade, Global
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Private Property Rights to Wildlife: The Southern African Experiment

In most nations around the world wildlife is owned and managed by the State.  However, in the past 30 years Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa have altered their legal regimes to give full control over the use of wildlife to the private owners of the land on which the wildlife is located. Following the privatization of wildlife management in southern African nations, wildlife tourism on private lands has boomed. Private Property Rights to Wildlife: The Southern African Experiment - Kay Muir-Leresche and Robert H. Nelson, 2000 [Published: 2000]
Production & Utilisation, Africa
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Parrot Conservation in the Lesser Antilles with some comparison to the Puerto Rican efforts

There are four endemic species of Amazona parrots in the Lesser Antilles, namely the A. imperialis and the A. arausiaca of the Commonwealth of Dominica, the A. versicolor of St Lucia, and the A. guildingii of St Vincent and The Grenadines. Measures for parrot conservation are reviewed for each of the islands and compared with the Puerto Rican parrot, A. vittata, in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Parrot Conservation in the Lesser Antilles with some comparison to the Puerto Rican efforts - Colmore S. Christian, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Michael P. Zamore, Thomas D. Potts & G., Wesley Burnett, Biological Conservation 77, Elsevier Science Limited, 1996 [Published: 1996]
Production & Utilisation, Americas
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Don’t Forget to Look Down – Collaborative Approaches to Predator Conservation

Finding effective ways of conserving large carnivores is widely recognized as a priority in conservation. However, there is disagreement about the most effective way to do this, with some favoring top-down “command and control” approaches and others favoring collaboration. Arguments for coercive top-down approaches have been presented elsewhere; here we present arguments for collaboration. Don’t Forget to Look Down – Collaborative Approaches to Predator Conservation - Steve Redpath et al, 2017 [Published: 2017]
Production & Utilisation, Africa
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Sustainable use and incentive-driven conservation: realigning human and conservation interests

While a resource may be used sustainably today, no one knows for certain what will happen tomorrow. In reality the best approach to assessing the probability that a use will be sustainable is through a retrospective evaluation of factors that conspired to create over exploitation or that colluded to result in sustainable use. Sustainable use and incentive-driven conservation: realigning human and conservation interests - Jon M. Hutton, Nigel Leader-Williams, Oryx Vol 37 No 2, Flora and Fauna International, 2003 [Published: 2003]
Production & Utilisation, Global
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Trade and Green Economy

This handbook aims to foster a better understanding of the interlinkages between international trade, the environment and the green economy. It therefore focuses on national and international trade policy and rules, on environmental governance and principles, and the relationship between both. Trade and Green Economy - International Institute for Sustainable Development & United Nations Environment Programme, Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development, Geneva, 2014 [Published: 2015]
Markets & Trade, Global
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Conservation Enterprise: What Works Where and For Whom?

Measuring the impact of conservation enterprises is key to ensuring their effectiveness. This study draws on the experience of the AWF and other organizations to assess what effect conservation enterprises can have on the livelihoods of local communities and how effective such initiatives are at poverty reduction. Conservation Enterprise: What Works Where and For Whom? - Joanna Elliott, Daudi Sumba, International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK, July 2011 [Published: 2011]
Markets & Trade, Africa
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Does CITES work?

Can CITES trade measures replace the need for effective field protection? The following four case studies suggest that it cannot. Does CITES work? - Michael ‘t Sas-Rolfes, IEA Environment Briefing No.4, Institue of Economic Affairs, 1997   [Published: 1997]
Policy, Global
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Trade and Sustainable Land Management in Drylands

This collection of papers was prepared as part of the project on Trade and Sustainable Land Management being implemented by the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD). The project aims to explore opportunities for and constraints to using trade as an incentive to promote sustainable land management in drylands. Trade and Sustainable Land Management in Drylands - ICTSD, ICTSD Project on Trade and Sustainable Land Management, Selected Issue Briefs. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007 [Published: 2007]
Habitat Conservation, Markets & Trade, Global
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